Critique Article - Math for the young child or any math critique Essay

Critique Article - Math for the young child or any math critique article that deals with children - Essay Example There is immense value to the content of the article as it summarizes the results of the four year long researches on developing  the  Ã¢â‚¬ËœBig  Math  for  Little Kids’ pre-kindergarten and kindergarten mathematics program. The authors present ‘Big  Math  for  Little Kids’ as the  product of their effort from 1998 to 2002, to develop â€Å"a research-based and developmentally appropriate early childhood mathematics program  for  all pre-kindergarten and kindergarten children.† (Balfanz, Robert. et al, 2003, p. 264). The program consists of an all-inclusive set of sequenced learning activities and the lesson units of this program includes numbers, shapes, patterns and logic, measurement, operations on numbers, and spatial relations. The program, as the authors claim, combines mathematics into the daily routines and other early learning areas of the children such as music, art, movement, reading, writing, and science. It also presents mathematical symbols and words in the most cautious and meaningful ways aiming at the children’s lighthearted but purposeful learning of Mathematics. In their article, the authors not only provide the theoretical and research based evidences to the effectiveness of the program, but more significantly the evidences of the practical success of the ‘Big  Math  for  Little Kids’ from their observed results. After introducing the program the ‘Big  Math  for  Little Kids’ in detail, the authors deal with its research base which includes psychological and educational research as well as the design principles. They maintain that every child is capable of learning mathematics at a  young  age based on their researches. According to the authors, it is important to provide the children with adult guidance along with opportunity for play and they also specify that low-income children should

Academic Argument Essay Example for Free

Academic Argument Essay High school students today are all excited about post-college life, which for most means going away to college to further their education. The question is, are they truly being provided the necessary tools needed to be successful at the college levels? Are teachers, counselors, parents and the government both state and federal doing enough to lead these young minds out into the world? We all know how expensive college is and that only a small amount will graduate college and go on to live the life the always dreamed, but without a college education the odds are far worse. So shouldn’t every student who has aspirations of going on to college be awarded a little more preparation? The bottom line is we being parents, teachers, counselors, and the government needs to have better programs available for high school students so that the transition, that is already hard enough, is a little easier; as Benjamin Franklin once said â€Å"By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail. † (www . goodreads . com) The National of State Legislature defines college prep programs as â€Å"programs aimed to increase college access, particularly for those students who are least likely to enroll. These programs take many forms and serve a variety of students. Some start as early as elementary school, others in the senior year of high school. Some college preparatory programs focus on increasing academic readiness, while others specialize in college admissions or financial aid. Some involve families and mentors, and others incorporate service learning or recreational activities. †(www . ncsl . org/issues-research) What I want to know is where are these programs being used and what are they? In 2007 the NY Times published an article stating that only a  quarter of high school students who take a full set of â€Å"college prep† courses which include four years of English and three each of mathematics, science and social studies are well prepared for college according to a study by the ACT, and the Iowa testing organization. The study examined about 1. 2 million students who took the ACT, which is one of the country’s major college admissions tests, along with the SAT, and graduated from high school June of 2008. The study projected whether students had a good chance of scoring a C or better in introductory college  courses based on their test scores and the success rates of past students who had taken it previously. It showed that only 26 percent of those who took the core curriculum were ready for college level work in all four of the â€Å"college prep† core areas. Another 19 percent were not satisfactorily prepared in any of them. â€Å"While taking the right number of courses is certainly better than not, it is no longer enough,† the report said. †(www . nytimes . com) This quote really hits the nail on the head; just like how today’s Bachelor’s Degree is the equivalent of the high school diploma 20 years ago. This is an important issue in our society today, we want our young people to go to college to better their education but we can’t help them along the way. So how did it get to be so bad well in April 1983 the Secretary of Education and United States Department of Education saw that America ranked in the bottom half of education in the world so Ronald Regan declared â€Å"Nation At Risk† which kick-started decades of tough talk about public schools and reforms that culminated in 2002s No Child Left Behind, the Bush administration law that pushes schools to improve students basic skills or face ever-tougher sanctions. Jay Summer, an original teacher on the 1983 panel says â€Å"A true Cold War document, it famously stated: If an unfriendly foreign power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we might well have viewed it as an act of war. As it stands, we have allowed this to happen to ourselves. (usatoday30 . usatoday . com/ â€Å"In 1999, Clifford Adelman, then a researcher at the federal Education Department, found that the strength of high school work was the most important factor in determining college success, more than the socioeconomic status of a student’s family. The new report, which cites Mr. Adelman’s research, makes the case that many high school courses are not providing the necessary quality that he described. † (www . nytimes . com) According to the National Center for Educational Statistics and a study done by the Harvard Graduate School, of the students who graduated college in 2011, only 56 percent graduated with four year degrees but took them six years. Also of those students in the same class 78 percent failed to receive a diploma at all. This study also showed the reasons for dropping out; which student claimed, â€Å"not being prepared for the rigors  of academic work; inability to cope with the competing demands of study, family and jobs; and cost† (www . reuters . com/article/2012) What we see here is that there have been attempts to make things better but they have slowly helped create the mess we have today. I have three points that will hopefully show how we can better this situation we are currently in. My first claim is that if we continue to ignore the fact that students today aren’t prepared for the struggles that await them at college then the dropout rate will continue to rise and effect the country as a whole. If students aren’t prepared for college then they either don’t go or most likely drop out. This affects the economy because if you have thousands of students not getting the proper education which leads to no jobs or low paying jobs, then the country can suffer. This leads to less students getting out into the work force or having very low paying jobs in which they can’t afford their monthly loan payments or other basic needs. With the economy being the way it is we can’t afford to let this happen. My second claim is that statistics show students who take extra or AP level courses perform better in college. In my high school there were luckily many extra courses available to help prepare us for college. I took College level English throughout my four years of high school. When I got to college and took the required English 101 course it was almost a mirror image as what I had previously taken. I was one of the few students who knew what MLA format was and how to use it in a paper. My school also offered AP Government, Calculus, English, Music Theory, which I also took, and Physics. I’m now in my third year of college and doing really well for myself. This just goes to show what  students can achieve with a little more preparation. Students put more pressure on themselves than ever before trying to achieve their goals. It’s up to us to take some of the pressure off them and give them a push in the right direction with more groundwork. My last claim is that students who finish college will have a better future for themselves and a family. Even with student loan debt at a high point these days with an education more financial opportunities are made available to students to deal with the burden of student loan debt. A degree from a technical institute is still better than a high school diploma. My cousin was a college dropout with two kids and no father to help support them. She worked two and three jobs sometimes just to keep her family afloat. One day she decided to take night classes at the local community college. Three years later she has an Associate’s degree in business and is making $20,000 more a year working only one job as opposed to three. She is more financially stable now and not so stressed all the time. Students may think that a high school diploma is enough but the sad truth is you can get the same jobs with a high school diploma that they are giving to 15 year olds at McDonalds. So what I’m trying to say is that if we don’t act now more students will continue to go down a road not knowing that they could have had more help. Education is the key to a better life for you and for a possible family which means better jobs and financial status, which today a lot of Americans lack. Of course some argue that a degree is the wrong path â€Å"Michael Nelson, 22, of Fayetteville, Georgia, retired from nearby LaGrange College during his freshman year. â€Å"I knew it wasnt going to take me where I wanted to go, he says. Now a gold and precious metals dealer, he made $85,000 in 2011. A lot of my friends are coming out of school with $50,000 in debt, Nelson says. They dont know how theyre going to survive because they dont have a job. † (www . reuters . com/article/2012) For some select few this is the case. But this is a rare case of someone who just happens to have a job fall in their lap. It is true that many high school graduates that never attended college or dropped out are doing just fine. Coal miners can make upwards of 100k and I’ve never met a coal miner who attended college. On the other hand I’ve never met a CEO or brain sergeant with high school diplomas. Statistics show that the average college graduate will make $19,550 more a year than someone with a high school diploma according to the U. S. Census Bureau. Also college students need to understand that the economy will not be this bad forever. If we can recover from the Great Depression then we can certainly find a way to fix this financial crisis. Today it’s tough for all people, including college graduates, to find a job and make a decent living. Many students believe that their best option would be to take a semester or two off from college for only a brief period of time and enter the workforce or  the military. The military’s financial benefits are very pleasing to young adults when they consider loan forgiveness programs and tuition compensation. The appeals of the military look great to college students that still believe that nothing bad can happen to them, but the reality of the dangers that young people face while serving abroad are very costly as most of us hear about on the news every week. Another reason kids shouldn’t chase the American dream of a college diploma is that they realize they don’t want the headache of the debt that most every college grad deals with. They know they can’t declare bankruptcy off of student loan debt so what other option do they have? Yet for some students, dropping out with loans can be worse than dealing with the debt. â€Å"Many college dropouts will face career barriers due to the lack of a degree, experts say. Current unemployment statistics show that those without a college degree are twice as likely to be unemployed as those with a bachelors degree. One way students and families can tilt the equation in their favor is to simply spend less, experts say. † If students are more reasonable and selective about where theyre going to get that degree, college costs are more  manageable, says Eleanor Blayney with the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards. At the very least they can do the first two years at a community college and then transfer. † (www . reuters . com/article/2012) So what we can see is that college is definitely the better route to take if you want a stable future. In conclusion there needs to be more or better programs for students who wish to attend college and succeed in life. You have seen the attempts made by the government to make it easier for students to learn and become better prepared for college, but the recent studies shows a  negative effect on the youths of today and possibly the youths of tomorrow. You have also seen a couple of reasons why I believe better programs will increase students’ academic levels in college; plus opposing arguments from those who think college is a waste of time and money and will only leave you in pile of debt. This in fact is far from the truth and leads me to believe that only people without a proper education could make such an accusation. Finally I hope that soon everyone who has the power to get involved in helping the future leaders of America will step up to the plate and take responsibility for the welfare of these young minds. The sad part is that the ones this affects the most, being high school students, have little to no say in the matter. The Obama administration has shown they have a huge interest in education with cutting student loan debt and making school lunches healthier. I can only hope this very important topic is next on their next to do list. Every student deserves a fair chance to achieve and it’s about time they get some. Franklin, Benjamin. â€Å"goodreads. † http://www . goodreads . com/quotes/tag/preparation.  © 2012 Goodreads Inc. â€Å"College Preparatory Programs. † http://www . ncsl . org/issues-research/educ/college-preparatory- programs-types-of-programs . aspx.  ©2012 National Conference of State Legislatures Arenson, Karen W. â€Å"Study Finds College-Prep Courses in High School Leave Many Students Lagging. † http://www . nytimes . com/2007/05/16/education/16report . html? _r=0. May 16, 2007 Plitt, Todd. â€Å"Nation at Risk: The best thing or the worst thing for education? † http://usatoday30 . usatoday . com/news/education/2008-04-22-nation-at-risk_N . htm. Copyright 2011 USA TODAY The National Commission on Excellence in Education. â€Å"A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform†http://datacenter . spps .org/uploads/SOTW_A_Nation_at_Risk_1983 . pdf. April, 1983 Carlozo, Lou. â€Å"Why college students stop short of a degree. † http://www . reuters . com/article/2012/03/27/us-attn-andrea-education-dropouts- idUSBRE82Q0Y120120327. Tue Mar 27, 2012 â€Å"College Students Should Stay in School. † http://bestessayhelp . com/examples/education/college-students-should-stay-in-school- %E2%80%93-essay-sample.  © 2010 2012 Global Writers Limited â€Å"Summer at Georgetown†. http://scs . georgetown . edu/programs/107/summer-programs-for-high- school-students-college-preparatory-program.  © 2012 Georgetown University School of Continuing Studies.

1960-1970 Essay -- Essays Papers

1960-1970 During the 1960s the United States was going through a lot of social changes. One of the major trends was the widespread use of illicit drugs. The most common drugs used were hallucinogens, marijuana and LSD. Two men, Timothy Leary and Ken Kesey, were known as "the so-called acid gurus" of the sixties. They helped gain the recognition of LSD seemingly overnight. Leary and Kesey made very public exploitations and wrote many books to explain and vilify this phenomenon. It all happened so suddenly and soon after young men were wearing long hair and growing beards and the women dressed like peasants and wearing psychedelic colors. All of them dirty, drugged and carefree. They were known as hippies. Being a hippie was the primary trend of the sixties but to elders it was frightening and mystifying. Rock music became the most important way to unite the new hippie aesthetic. Brilliant colors and hallucinogenic imagery emerged from the music and was called psychedelic. Bob Dylan, the Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane among others were the first bands to jump into the psychedelic bandwagon in the sixties. In 1969, Woodstock, a music festival full of peace and happiness united over 450,000 people, causing numerous problems for the crowd. In 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president. But Kennedy’s term came to a short and devastating end. On November 22, 1963 President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas and Lyndon Johnson took over. During the sixties the Vietnam War was escalating and was the focus of many of the major protests. On January 30, 1968, "the North Vietnam army overran Saigon, making a daring predawn attack on the United States Embassy". There were more than 57,000 U.S soldiers killed i... ...t discrimination. Brooks used her poems to make a stand for her right to be equal as a black women in a white world. The University of Dayton in the 1960s under went a lot of changes. The president of the University was Raymond A. Roesch who later had the Roesch Library built in his honor. During the 1963-64 school year John F. Kennedy Memorial Union was complete and construction began on Albert Emanuel Library. In 1966, Chaminade Hall was exclusively used for one domain of school, Education. Gosiger Health Center was also completed in the winter of 1966. As for sports, John McVay took control over UD’s football team and reversed their losing streak. Tuition at UD was about $500 a term and increased about $5 dollars every year. To date, University of Dayton has become an extremely prominent university after all the hard work to complete the school.

Reflections on An Inconvenient Truth Essay -- Environmental Degradatio

"Future generations may well have occasion to ask themselves, 'What were our parents thinking? Why didn't they wake up when they had a chance?'" (An Inconvenient Truth). Throughout the last fifteen years, this type of thought has lead to a revolution within the United States. This revolution is not against the government, but against pollution and wastefulness. This upheaval of the green movement and decreasing non-renewable resources is producing a generation focus on expansion, recycling, and most importantly, energy production. Advertisements endorsing "going green" fill television, radio, and magazines showing products that will eventually make energy production start in the home. These advancements are numerous and are beginning to be reported at an astonishing rate. Even the military has begun to take measures, such as searching for alternative fuel sources, in an effort to reduce its ‘carbon-footprint’. From the 18th to the middle of the 19th century is commonly referred to as The Industrial Revolution; the 20th to the 21st century will be potentially known as The Green Revolution. Advances in production methods will be one of the next big steps that industry takes. Although these methods will decrease emissions and lead to an entirely foreign type of society potentially unforeseen problems may arise. The global population is growing at an unprecedented rate and by the year 2050 the global population is expected to exceed twenty billion people, an almost 150 percent increase from today (â€Å"Global Population Projections†). Although a green technology will develop a less wasteful society, the jumps in population growth could diminish or completely reverse these gains. These conclusions are evident even toda... .... The ozone hole and the accumulation of greenhouse gasses will not be solved today but rather further down the road once we discover techniques to battle these problems. One-hundred years from now may look completely different than the aforementioned vision; however, it will undoubtedly reflect the green movement and decisions that are made over the next twenty years. Works Cited An Inconvenient Truth. Prod. Lawence bender, Scott Burns and Laurie David. Direc. Davis Guggenheim. Perf. Al Gore. DVD. Paramount Classics. 2006 Annex, Robert. â€Å"Stimulating Innovations in Green Technology.† American Behavioral Scientist. 44.2 (200): 188-212. Print. â€Å"Global Population Projections.† Web. 4 Oct 2010. Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: the Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. 5th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print.

Business Policy

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND, DUBLIN MASTER OF SCIENCE (SINGAPORE) Business Policy BMGT 4025S STUDY GUIDE MSc14/15 FT / Singapore Copyright October 2012 1 Author: Dr Yousef Eiadat and Dr Richard Tan (2012) This manual was prepared for University College Dublin as a comprehensive support for students completing the above mentioned Degree programme.  © This publication may not be reproduced, in whole or in part without permission in from University College Dublin. Module Co-ordinator: Dr Yousef Eiadat & Dr Richard Tan Contact details Mobile: TBA Office: TBA Email: [email  protected] om. sg 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Welcome message 1. INTRODUCTION a. Background details b. Module aims 2. MODULE OUTLINE a. Module learning outcomes b. Themes and topics c. Learning supports 3. MODULE DELIVERY SCHEDULE a. Session arrangements b. Student engagement c. Office hours arrangements 4. ASSESSMENT DETAILS a. Assignments b. Module assessment components i. Pre module ass ignment ii. Group project iii. Examination 5. GRADING a. University grading policy b. Grade descriptors for assessment components 6. CONCLUDING COMMENTS APPENDICES 5 6 10 12 16 19 21 3Welcome message Welcome to this unit on Business Policy. Dr Yousef Eiadat will be joining me in teaching this course. In this unit we aim to build skills in Strategic planning – the analysis behind strategic decisions, the crafting of strategies and the implementation of them to ensure organisational success. Strategy involves managing the interface between an organization and its external environment. To this end, the first three topics develop skills in strategic analysis, leading to consideration of the positioning of an organisation in its strategic environment.These cover internal and external analysis, and the options in setting strategic direction. This analysis is critical to successful strategy because success depends upon finding the right fit between the strengths and weaknesses of th e internal workings of the organisation and the opportunities and threats in the external environment. We will spend time ensuring that you can apply the main tools and techniques to the real world situation outlined cases. Should you require clarification on any matter pertaining to the module, please do not hesitate to contact me.Dr Yousef Eiadat Dr. Richard Tan Module coordinator, BMGT4008S 4 PART 1: INTRODUCTION This Study Guide is designed to provide you with details of the module (Business Policy, BMGT4025S), the learning outcomes, delivery and assessment arrangements. The Study Guide consists of 6 parts Part 1 gives background details to the subject area are provided and the broad aims of the module are set out. Part 2 consists of the module outline. In this part the (a) module learning outcomes, (b) the themes and topics to be explored are explained along with the (c) learning supports to be used.Part 3 gives details of the module delivery arrangements. It sets out the sessi on arrangements and the expectations in relation to your prior preparation and student engagement. Part 4 provides details of the assessment techniques used in this module explaining the assessment components, their rationale. Part 5 explains the UCD grading policy and grade descriptors drawing on the university document are given for each assessment component (i) Pre-module assignment, (ii) Main Assignment and (iii) Examination (closed book). Part 6 presents the concluding comments. a.Background to the Topic Strategic management is predominantly focused on creating effectiveness – it is concerned with the long-term compatibility between an organisation and its relevant external environment. Good strategies also create organizational flexibility. Managing the interface between the external environment and the organisation requires it to become flexible enough to respond to environmental changes. Strategic mistakes come from misinterpreting environmental trends or not reacting rapidly enough to changed industry conditions. The knowledge has a dramatic impact on a firm’s success. b.Module Aims The aim of this module is to provide students with an overview of the theory and practice of strategic management. The module is designed to deepen your awareness and 5 understanding of the factors that contribute to effective management of enterprises – large and small. The theory underpinning the firm and MNE is assessed and students are encouraged to develop an ability to critically evaluate its applicability in today's world. Among the topics covered on this course include: Theory and practice of business management. Theoretical developments are also evaluated for their relevance for the international manager.Key management issues and techniques related to business competitiveness. This includes varies variables that influence a firm’s competitiveness, role of culture, sourcing, doing business in specific regions in Pacific Rim etc. The modu le draws on the student’s prior learning and work experience, and combines insights from IB, Human Resource Management and other areas. The assessments have been designed with this in mind as detailed later in the study guide. PART 2: MODULE OUTLINE Module Title: Business Policy Module Code: BMGT 4025S No. of ECTS: 10 ECTS Learning Outcomes I.Undertake environment scanning processes and critically assess the impact on the organisation and their strategy. II. Identify and critically assess the significance of cultural issues on business and to critical evaluate the appropriate strategies to gain maximum competitive advantage. III. Critically assess the theoretical underpinnings of principal concepts, frameworks, and techniques of strategic management and describe the variety of factors that influence a firm's success. IV. Explain the strategic options available to firms in growth strategies and analyse the forces that affecting this decision.V. Identify emerging issues in mana gement. On completing the Business Policy module, students will be expected to be able to: i. Assess the potential of different strategies in the context of different cultures, risks and uncertainties. 6 ii. iii. iv. Expand on the complexities of Business. Identify business issues confronting companies planning to expand internationally. Illustrate how companies compete in markets. Module Text: Jones, G. R. , Hill, C. W. L. (2011), â€Å"Theory of Strategic Management with Cases†, International Edition, 10th Edn. Cengage.Learning Materials For this module, please read the assigned chapters in the prescribed text and the additional readings assigned (see list below). I. Hanson, D. , Dowling, P. , Hitt, M. , Ireland, D. , and Hoskisson R. , (2011), â€Å"The Management of Strategy Concepts†, 9th edn, Thomson Learning. II. Brooks, J. Weatherston and G. Wilkinson, (2011), The International Business Environment: Challenges and Changes, 2e Other useful sources: I. Academy of Management Journal II. Strategic Management Journal III. Journal of Marketing IV. European Journal of Marketing V. The Wall Street Journal VI.The Financial Times Students completing the International Business module are expected to participate in session discussions and learning activities and be familiar with recent developments in the business world. To facilitate this, the following source material is useful 1. The Economist 2. The South China Morning Post 3. The Straits Times 4. The Financial Times 5. Business Week 7 6. Fortune PART 3: MODULE DELIVERY SCHEDULE The module delivery relies on students’ ability to engage in prior preparation, to seek confirmation and clarification as appropriate and to be actively engaged during the sessions.Session Arrangements Each student is expected to attend and be prepared for all sessions. Table 1 below outlines the structure for the sessions. Table 1: Module Delivery Schedule – themes, readings, cases No. Theme /Topic title Te xt chapters articles/ Readings* Case / exercise TBA in lecture 1 1 Strategic Leadership: Managing the Strategy-Making Process for Competitive Advantage. Chap. 1 Dr Yousef Eiadat 2 External Analysis: The Identification of Opportunities and Threats. Chap. 2 Dr Yousef Eiadat 3 Internal Analysis: Distinctive Competencies, Competitive Advantage, and Profitability.Chap. 3 Dr Yousef Eiadat 4 Building Competitive Advantage Through Functional-Level Strategy. Chap. 4 Dr Yousef Eiadat 5 Building Competitive Advantage Through Business-Level Strategy. Chap. 5 Dr Yousef Eiadat 6 Business-Level Strategy and the Industry Environment. Chap. 6 Dr Yousef Eiadat 8 7 Strategy and Technology. Chap. 7 Dr Richard Tan 8 Strategy in the Global Environment. Chap. 8 Dr Richard Tan 9 Corporate-Level Strategy: Horizontal Integration, Vertical Integration, and Strategic Outsourcing. Chap. 9 Dr Richard Tan 10 Case Presentation/discussionTBA Dr Richard Tan 11 Corporate-Level Strategy: Formulating and Implementing R elated and Unrelated Diversification. Chap. 10 Dr Richard Tan 12 Corporate Performance, Governance, and Business Ethics. Chap. 11 Dr Richard Tan 13 Implementing Strategy in Companies that Compete in a Single Industry. Chap. 12 Dr Richard Tan 14 Implementing Strategy in Companies that Compete Across Industries and Countries. Chap. 13 Dr Richard Tan 15 Exam revision Dr Richard Tan 16 * Some chapters in the text are assigned for more than one theme. 9Preparation Required in Advance of Sessions / Seminars In addition to the pre-course assignment, you are expected to have read the following topics in advance of meeting the module coordinator / course lecturer at the seminars. Student Engagement During the sessions, students are expected to be able to discuss issues arising from the assigned chapters and readings for the topics as scheduled above. Session participation is a vital element in the design of this module. Therefore, all students are expected to engage in class discussion and d ebate in order to facilitate the formation of their critical judgements.To support your learning, Power-Point slides will be available which (on certain occasions) may need to be upgraded / modified during or following the sessions depending on the issues raised. Office Hours We will be available before and after each class session, should you wish to meet us individually to discuss any aspect of this module. PART 4: ASSESSMENT DETAILS Assessment is undertaken to establish the extent of student learning on completing a module and according to Biggs and Tang1 (2009) it is the senior partner of teaching and learning.This module has three assessment components with specific weightings and marks awarded totalling 1002. The purpose of each assessment is as follows: †¢ Assessment 1 (the Pre-Course Assignment) aims to introduce and appraise International marketing in the world setting. It is also designed to focus your learning in preparation for the face to face sessions. †¢ Ass essment 2 (Assignment) is designed to critically appraise issues in Business policy, International strategy and formulate strategies. Biggs, J. and Tang, C. 2009, Teaching for Quality Learning at University, Maidenhead: Open University/McGraw Hill. As the Overseas Programme modules are worth 10 ECTS they should be graded out of 200 marks. 1 10 †¢ Assessment 3 (Examination) is the formal examination, which aims to get insights on your understanding of issues (theory and practice) addressed in the module. Students are expected to complete all assignments ensuring that they are submitted by the specified date. All submissions must be typed, be well laid out, written in an academic style with appropriate headings (introduction, main part and concluding comments) and sections.Please ensure that all submissions are entirely your own work – for UCD’s policy on plagiarism click on the link below (please see Appendix 2 for further information on Plagiarism and the policy o n the Late Submission of Coursework): http://www. ucd. ie/registry/academicsecretariat/plag_pol_proc. pdf The weighting assigned for each component is shown in Table 2a below. (* I = Individual; G = Group) Table 2a – Assessment Components Assessment components 1. Pre-module Assignment 2. Assignment 3. Examination Weighting 10% 40% 50% I / G* I I I Table 2b – Assessment datelines Assignment Deadlines Pre Course Assignment (PCA) Main Assignment (MA)Date Assignment Due 29 Oct 2012 30 Nov 2012 11 Module Assessment Components In the following pages, further details of each assessment component are presented along with expectations in relation to prior preparation and completion. 1. Pre-Module Assignment Assignment: Case analysis This assignment is a case analysis. Students are to answer the following case questions. Case 1: Wynn Resorts (Print) Q1: What are Wynn Resorts’ distinctive resources and competencies? Q2: What is the industry structure in which in which Wynn Resorts operates? Case 2: APPLE in 2008 (Print) Q1: Historically, what were Apple’s major competitive advantages?Q2: Using Porter’s five forces model how has the structure of the personal computer industry changed over the last 20 years? Assignments Guidelines: This is an individual assignment. The aims is to introduce and appraise International business in the world setting This is an essay discussion paper. As an essay, your work must not contain any headings (other than the question itself), graphs or illustrations. The report should have a cover and its main discussion shall not exceed six (6) pages. The cover page shall contain the student’s number and full name, and the title of this course.The report shall be in plain white paper and stapled on the top lefthand corner, no file is required. Font – Times New Roman or Ariel 12 pts and line spacing is 1. 5. A good quality work will requires: o o o o o Evidence of wide & relevant (and correctly referen ced) reading and research; Presentation of a balanced and well considered argument; Originality; Knowledge and understanding of key concepts; Analysis and level of argument, Good use of appropriate frameworks, theory or models; Good understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of models used; 2 o o A logical conclusion fitting the arguments presented and, Demonstration of a clear and concise writing style. Please see page 18 for assessment and grading standards. Students should familiarize themselves with the University’s policy on the late submission of coursework. This Pre Course Assignment (PCA) must be submitted in hard copy. See the PCA deadline in table 2B above. Please read the Grade Descriptors in the PCA Grade Descriptor table. 2.Main Assignment: Case analysis Assignment: Case analysis This assignment is a case analysis. Students are to answer the following case questions. Case 16 – Alarm Ringing: Nokia in 2010 (in textbook). 1. Describe Nokia’s vi sion and mission for its organization and how was it implemented? What suggestions can you provide (if any) that would or would have strategically positioned them in a competitive market? 2. Using the competitive forces model, what alarms should Nokia have identified in their strategic pursuits? 3.In Nokia’s current situation, what strategy and techniques do you suggest to better position them for future growth? 4. What should Nokia have done to compete technologically? 5. What generic business level strategy should Nokia pursues today? What actions the company have to take at the functional level to support this strategy? 6. Nokia when into a strategic alliance with Microsoft, explain what possible competitive advantages could Nokia gain from this relationship. What is Nokia’s new competitive positioning. 13Assignments Guidelines: This is an individual assignment. The aim is to critically appraise issues in Business and corporate level strategies formulation for the f irm. The report should have a cover, content and its main discussion shall not exceed twenty (20) pages. The cover page shall contain the student’s number and full name, and the title of this course. The report shall be in plain white paper and stapled on the top left-hand corner, no file is required. Font – Times New Roman or Ariel 12 pts and line spacing is 1. 5.A good quality work will requires: o o o o o o o Evidence of wide & relevant (and correctly referenced) reading and research; Presentation of a balanced and well considered argument; Originality; Knowledge and understanding of key concepts; Analysis and level of argument, Good use of appropriate frameworks, theory or models; Good understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of models used; A logical conclusion fitting the arguments presented and, Demonstration of a clear and concise writing style. Please see page 18 for assessment and grading standards.Students should familiarize themselves with the Univ ersity’s policy on the late submission of coursework. This Main Assignment must be submitted to your Programme Manager in hard copy. See the deadline in table 2B. Please read the Grade Descriptors in the Main Assignment Grade Descriptor table. 14 4. Examination: 5. The examination (3 hours) will focus on module themes and the material covered in the text, cases, assigned readings, videos and class discussions. For this, students are expected to demonstrate their understanding of theory and practice addressed throughout the module.The examination question format will be designed to allow you show your understanding of the topics discussed and also reveal your learning (new and prior). More specific guidelines regarding the examination paper format and questions will be provided during the final session. 6. Students will have the opportunity to ask questions about its design and style and be advised the type of answers expected. 7. A recent past examination paper is included in Appendix 3 of this Study Guide, please be prepared for slightly different style of question PART 5: GRADINGThis section of the Study Guide provides students with details of the UCD grading system and also explains criterion referenced grading (UCD Policy). Under criterion referenced grading, students are graded on the quality of their work without reference to other students (norm referenced). For instance, the submission that meets the required guidelines in terms of writing style, analysis, description and / or summary will be awarded according to the standards set out. All students’ work is graded to indicate the standard attained using the criterion referenced approach.Table 3: UCD Grading System Grade A+ A AB+ B BC+ Very good Excellent Description Grade Point 4. 2 4. 0 3. 8 3. 6 3. 4 3. 2 3. 0 15 C CD+ D DE F G Good 2. 8 2. 6 2. 4 Acceptable 2. 2 2. 0 Marginal Fail (unacceptable, no compensation) Fail (Wholly unacceptable; no compensation) 1. 6 1. 0 0. 4 NG Fail (Wholly unacceptable; no relevant attempt) 0. 0 More specific grade descriptors are set out for your assessment components in the following pages. Table 4 below provides descriptors for the Pre-Module Assignment – please read them prior to submitting your work.Table 4: Grade Descriptors – Pre-Module Assignment Grade Criteria Paper is exceptionally well searched. Extremely detailed and accurate with critical evidence A3 from a wide variety of sources that is all properly cited. Strong evidences of wide & relevant originality, knowledge and understanding of key concepts, analysis and level of argument. Exceptionally critical, relevant and consistent connections made between arguments, evidence, subtopics, showing excellent analysis. Presentation of a balanced and well considered argument.Demonstration of a clear and concise writing style. Paper is well researched in detail with accurate & critical evidence from a variety of sources B that is properly cited. Evidences of wide & relevant originality, knowledge and understanding of key concepts, analysis and level of argument. Consistent connections made between While the criteria detailed above refer to A – D grades (inclusive) only, please note that all bands will be used (A+, A and A-; B+, B and B- etc) for grading assignments. 3 16 vidence, subtopics, arguments & thesis / topic showing good analysis Some aspects of paper is researched with some accurate evidence from limited sources with C some citations. Some connections made between evidence, subtopics, arguments & thesis / topic showing analysis. -limited information on topic with lack of research, details or accurate evidence D -limited connections made between evidence, subtopics, counterarguments & thesis / topic -lack of analysis Table 5: Grade Descriptors – Main assignment Grade Criteria Paper is exceptionally well searched.Extremely detailed and accurate with critical evidence A4 from a wide variety of sources that is all properly cited. Strong evidences of wide & relevant originality, knowledge and understanding of key concepts, analysis and level of argument. Exceptionally critical, relevant and consistent connections made between arguments, evidence, subtopics, showing excellent analysis. Presentation of a balanced and well considered argument. Demonstration of a clear and concise writing style. Paper is well researched in detail with accurate & critical evidence from a variety of sourcesB that is properly cited. Evidences of wide & relevant originality, knowledge and understanding of key concepts, analysis and level of argument. Consistent connections made between evidence, subtopics, arguments & thesis / topic showing good analysis Some aspects of paper is researched with some accurate evidence from limited sources with C some citations. Some connections made between evidence, subtopics, arguments & thesis / topic showing analysis. -limited information on topic with lack of research, details or accurate evidence D limited connections made between evidence, subtopics, counterarguments & thesis / topic -lack of analysis While the criteria detailed above refer to A – D grades (inclusive) only, please note that all bands will be used (A+, A and A-; B+, B and B- etc) for grading assignments. 4 17 NB All students are advised to read the UCD Business School Code of Practice for Group work – see Appendix 1. TABLE 6: Grade Descriptors – Formal Closed Book Examination Grade Characteristics Answers are extremely detailed and accurate with critical evidence from a wide variety of sources.Strong evidences of wide & relevant knowledge and understanding of key A concepts, analysis and level of argument. Exceptionally critical, relevant and consistent in addressing the question and made between arguments, evidence, subtopics, showing excellent analysis. Presentation of a balanced and well considered argument. Demonstration of a clear and concise writing style. Answers have goo d detail with accurate & critical evidence from a variety of sources. Evidences of wide & relevant originality, knowledge and understanding of key concepts, B nalysis and level of argument. Consistent in addressing the question and made between arguments, evidence, subtopics, showing good analysis. Demonstration of a clear and concise writing style. C Some aspects of answers have good detail with some accurate evidence from limited sources. Address some aspect of the question and made between arguments, evidence, subtopics, showing good analysis. -limited information on topic with lack of details or accurate evidence. D -limited connections made between evidence, subtopics, counterarguments & thesis / topic. lack of coherent analysis. PART 6: CONCLUDING COMMENTS This Study Guide is designed to assist and guide your learning for this module. It is important that you read it regularly and do so in conjunction with the core text, the assigned readings and session materials. Should you need clarification on issues covered, please let me know during the seminar sessions. I hope you enjoy the module and wish you good luck with the rest of your study and for the future. 18 Name of Module Co-ordinator, Dr. Richard Tan Date: Oct 2012 19 APPENDIX 1:You are advised to read the following important documents before you commence your studies on this module: 1. Guidelines for the Late Submission of Coursework This document provides a detailed outline of the rules and regulations surrounding the presentation, submission and marking of assignments. The guidelines provided must be adhered at all times to avoid an unnecessary loss of marks. Further details on www. ucd. ie/registry/academicsecretariat/late_sub. pdf 2. A Briefing Document for Students on Academic Integrity and Plagiarism.The University understands plagiarism to be the inclusion of another person’s writings or ideas or works, in any formally presented work (including essays, theses, examinations, projects, l aboratory reports, oral, poster or slide presentations) which form part of the assessment requirements for a module or programme of study, without due acknowledgement either wholly or in part of the original source of the material through appropriate citation. Further details please go to www. ucd. ie/registry/academicsecretariat/plag_pol_proc. pdf Plagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty.In any assignment, plagiarism means that you have presented information or ideas belonging to someone else falsely as being your own original thoughts on a subject. All assessments/projects submitted must be the result of your own work. The following statement must be included on the cover page of all assignments submitted: I declare that all materials included in this essay/report/project/dissertation is the end result of my own work and that due acknowledgement have been given in the bibliography and references to ALL sources be they printed, electronic or personal. Signed: Student name/s, stu dent number Date: 0 APPENDIX 2: Note to Students: Providing a copy of this paper does not signify that future papers will follow the exact same format. SEMESTER I EXAMINATION 210 Academic Year – 2009/10 MASTER OF SCIENCE (Singapore) MSc9/10 Full-Time BMGT 4025S Business Policy Professor John Benson Professor Brian Fynes Dr. Paul McGrath Professor Pat Gibbons* Mr. Richard Tan* Time Allowed: 2 Hours Instructions for Candidates Answer any TWO (2) questions. All questions carry equal marks. 21 Question 1 Write an essay explaining the concept of the Resource-based view in strategic planning and formulation.In your discussion explain and emphasise how resources and capabilities can lead to a competitive advantage. Also illustrate the five-steps describing the linkages between resource identification and strategic decisions that will lead to above-average returns. Illustrate your answer with reference to the Apple case study or from your group project. Question 2 In September 2001, two leading players in the global computer industry – Hewlett-Packard Company (HP) and Compaq Computer Corporation (Compaq) – announced their merger.HP bought Compaq for US$ 24 billion in stocks and it was the biggest deal in the history of the computer industry. However, the acquisition strategy to achieve strategic advantage and competitiveness did not succeed and the performance of the merged firms suffered. Identify and explain the reasons for HP’s decision to acquire Compaq. In your discussion provide insights as to the likely reasons for the poor performance after the firms merged. Question 3 When Apple launched its iPhone into the mobile phone market, many competitors responded and attacked. Describe and discuss why Apple was attacked by competitors.In your discussion you should consider and explain the concept of market commonality and resource similarity that increases the likelihood of an attack. Also offer insights into Apple’s competitor aware ness, motivation and ability that increases the likelihood of strategic action against others. Question 4 Strategic alliance is a primary type of cooperative strategy. This is an alternative strategy a firm could use to grow, develop value-creating competitive advantages, and create differences between them and competitors. Write an essay and explain in detail the 3 main types of strategic alliances.In addition, offer insights into the benefits for a firm entering into an alliance in the slow, fast and standard-cycle markets. Illustrate your discussion with any other examples you feel to be relevant. Question 5 Write an essay that explains in detail the concept of cost leadership strategy as a competitive strategy. In your discussion, explain and provide insights into the cost reduction strategies a company can adopt in order to achieve cost leadership within a strategic group. 22 Illustrate your answer with reference to competitive strategies in the Personal computer industry (Acer , Dell, etc) oOo 23

Toxic substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 Essays

Toxic substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 Essays Toxic substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 Paper Toxic substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 Paper Objective: The objective of this act is to keep an inventory of chemicals that are presently being imported manufactured or used, indicating among others, their existing and possible uses, test data, names of firms manufacturing or using them and such other information as may be considered relevant to the protection of health and the environment To monitor and regulate the importation, manufacture, processing, handling, storage, transportation, sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures that present unreasonable risk or injury to health or to the environment in accordance with national policies and international commitments To inform and educate the populace regarding the hazards and risks attendant to the manufacture, handling, storage, transportation, processing, distribution, use and disposal of toxic chemicals and other substances and mixtures and lastly; To prevent the entry, even in transit, as well as the keeping or storage and disposal of hazardous and nuclear wastes into the country for whatever purpose Reaction: It’s good to know that our government have implemented this kind of act, it only shows that how our government is concern with us, because improper handling or improper storage of hazardous chemicals and throwing of nuclear wastes can cause bad health to us. It is also good because this act let us know what are we going to do with this kind of chemicals and wastes, it educate the people what are the hazards and risks in manufacturing this kind of wastes. Integration: As part of the jurisdiction of this article or republic act I’m going to help our government by following the rules and regulations under this law like the proper manufacturing of the nuclear and toxic waste before putting them on a storage or throwing them on the garbage bins I will be like an example to my fellow friends in our community, implementing this then letting them know what are the importance of this law, Learning: I’ve learned a lot like what is the importance of this law. RA 6969 is important or the ‘Toxic substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990’ because it let us inform or educate on what are we going to do with this kind of waste especially to nuclear, hazardous and toxic waste or substances like the proper manufacturing of the said waste and proper storage of it. I also learned the penalties and fines given to those who violate this act like being imprisoned for about 6 months to 6years.

Free Essays on Teenage Pregnancy

As today’s family values slowly decline, teenage pregnancy becomes a major concern in today's society. Each year teenage girls are getting pregnant at a younger and younger age with no guarantee of a father by their side. Many girls are left with the responsibility of supporting young children financially, and many girls aren’t even ready for the responsibility of caring for another human being. As far as I am concerned, this family issue is very interesting because the teenage parent has a lot of challenges that must be overcame and decided. The two main ones are continuing education, and financial problems. Pregnant teenagers have the right to finish their education. It may be hard, but it is not impossible. The outcome of teenage pregnancy turns out better if the mother goes back to school after she has given birth. Staying in school may help to prevent teenage mothers from having a second pregnancy. In some schools they stay in their regular classes, but in others they are placed in special classes for pregnant teenagers. These classes’ help parents learn about pregnancy, prenatal care, and parenting skills. Some schools even have childcare. Schools that provide daycare centers on campus reduce the incidence of teenagers dropping out of school. These school programs also decrease the likelihood that the teen mother will have more children. It is important for teenage parents to complete high school. A lot of jobs require high school diplomas. The statistics show that teenagers who dropout usually work minimum wage jobs in the community. Having a high school diploma enables them to have more career choices. The other most important challenge of a teenage parent is financial problems. Teenagers face more financial problems than older parents. Even if both parents work, they lack the education or skills needed to obtain a job that can support a family. This is why many teen mothers rely on welfare. Many teen parents ... Free Essays on Teenage Pregnancy Free Essays on Teenage Pregnancy I’m quite sure most of us came back to school in August thinking, â€Å"Dang! Some people had a very interesting summer.† I don’t know how it was for you guys, but every time I turned around I saw a new face, a new expecting mother. This article is not written to offend or criticize anyone, but it is meant to inform students of the risks and responsibilities of teen pregnancy. Every year, nearly one million teen girls get pregnant. At first I thought that girls just â€Å"slipped up†, but after asking for the opinions of several students and staff members, I have learned that most teen pregnancies are planned. According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, almost 60% of teen pregnancies are intended. Of that percentage, more than half of teen mothers cite emotional void as the reason they became pregnant. P.E. Instructor Sherry Jackson said, â€Å"Pregnancy at Thornridge High School is a competition to fill a void. Some girls are not receiving the love and attention they require and are therefore turning to pregnancy as a solution.† Senior Jennifer Stazzone said, â€Å"In some situations, girls have kids because they want that feeling of being loved or they want someone to love. This happens because they may not get that kind of attention from their parents, and they feel like it’s them against the world. Girls also get pregnant to keep the guy they’re with.† Of the remaining teen mothers whose pregnancies are intended, 40% cite a desire to hold on to the baby’s father as the reason they got pregnant. Fact #1: Sex won’t make him yours, and a baby won’t make him stay. Not only does getting pregnant result in having a child, but it could result in medical problems including, but not limited to, poor weight gain, pregnancy-induced hypertension, anemia, sexual transmitted diseases, and even death. It has been proven that teens experience a maternal death rate 2.5 times greater than t... Free Essays on Teenage Pregnancy As today’s family values slowly decline, teenage pregnancy becomes a major concern in today's society. Each year teenage girls are getting pregnant at a younger and younger age with no guarantee of a father by their side. Many girls are left with the responsibility of supporting young children financially, and many girls aren’t even ready for the responsibility of caring for another human being. As far as I am concerned, this family issue is very interesting because the teenage parent has a lot of challenges that must be overcame and decided. The two main ones are continuing education, and financial problems. Pregnant teenagers have the right to finish their education. It may be hard, but it is not impossible. The outcome of teenage pregnancy turns out better if the mother goes back to school after she has given birth. Staying in school may help to prevent teenage mothers from having a second pregnancy. In some schools they stay in their regular classes, but in others they are placed in special classes for pregnant teenagers. These classes’ help parents learn about pregnancy, prenatal care, and parenting skills. Some schools even have childcare. Schools that provide daycare centers on campus reduce the incidence of teenagers dropping out of school. These school programs also decrease the likelihood that the teen mother will have more children. It is important for teenage parents to complete high school. A lot of jobs require high school diplomas. The statistics show that teenagers who dropout usually work minimum wage jobs in the community. Having a high school diploma enables them to have more career choices. The other most important challenge of a teenage parent is financial problems. Teenagers face more financial problems than older parents. Even if both parents work, they lack the education or skills needed to obtain a job that can support a family. This is why many teen mothers rely on welfare. Many teen parents ...

How to Get Your Finances On Track in 2017

How to Get Your Finances On Track in 2017 Feeling like there’s never enough money or time? Want to get healthy or plan for the future? Try these steps to take charge of your life and build some real progress in the new year, while lowering your taxes so you’ll have more of your hard-earned fruits to enjoy for all that labor. 1. Spend money to make moneyGetting professional help to lose weight or quit smoking can pay off in the long run. So can soliciting proper legal advice on contracts and finances. So can giving to charity. All of these things are often tax-deductible ways to make your money work for you- and help you to grow. Oh, and shell out for a tax pro to help you out come tax time, too.2. Get organizedTrack your travel miles, your donations, and your time, and keep a clear log in an easy-to-remember place for tax time. You’ll be glad you did. Remember to keep your receipts so you can itemize. As intensive as it sounds, it can be worth the effort.The next time you see anything that might be relev ant to end-of-year tax prep, start gathering it together in dedicated envelopes. That way you won’t be digging around for things at the 11th hour.3. Plan your financial planningLook at your stock portfolio and your retirement accounts (if you have ‘em!) and make sure you’ve got everything in order. Are you making all the smartest bets? And if you don’t have an IRA consider getting one; you’ll have until April 18Â  to fund it, and you can deduct it on your 2015 taxes.4. Optimize your givingWhether to charity or to yourself, giving will get you there faster and keep your tax bill down in the process. You can do your part and beef up your savings in the process.

Compair 3 journal articals about WWII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compair 3 journal articals about WWII - Essay Example rld War II† by Susan Smith in 2008, â€Å"Ethics and Airpower in WWII† by Phillip Mellinger in 1994, and â€Å"Moral Ambiguities of the Bombing of Monte Cassino† by Uwe Steenhoff in 2005. During World War II, 60,000 American soldiers were part of the Mustard Gas experiments performed by American Scientists (Smith, 2008).The reason was to prepare America’s troops for chemical warfare. One of the questions during the experimentation was whether or not there was a difference in reaction to mustard gas by different races. These scientists were every day ethical people, but they slipped into this method of experimentation. They felt that it was important in the service of their country. Soldiers felt it was their patriotic duty to participate though most were harassed into volunteering. The United States felt it needed the information to know how to react should the enemy use mustard gas and how to assure that the enemy died, should they have to use it (Smith, 2008). Veterans describe this as a horrible experience and felt that they were never warned about the level of suffering that could occur from this exposure (Smith, 2008). Mustard gas causes severe pain and these men suffered immediate eye and skin injury with blisters all over their bodies. The long term effects for many turned out to be cancer, asthma, emphysema, and blindness. Was this testing ethical? The British bombed many civilian sectors of Germany during World War II. Many great cities were bombed. There are those that believe that this bombing was unethical and immoral. There are those that would argue that any bombing at the time of civilian areas or any other was not only moral but ethical (Garrett, 1994). Garrett, (1994) believes that it was an immoral act. He also believes our own bombing of the Japanese cities with the A-bomb during the same war was immoral and unethical. Was it? Why do we struggle with the ethical viewpoint in this type of case? Monte Cassino was a monastery in World War II.

Leadership film analysis (Memo Format) - Remember the Titans (2000) Movie Review

Leadership film analysis (Memo Format) - Remember the Titans (2000) - Movie Review Example Williams High School. The film revolves around bringing on board Herman Boone as an assistant coach in an all-white coaching staff and is later appointed as the head coach, a position he is reluctant at first to accept but finally accepts when he realizes that he is held in high esteem and respect, something that was lacking in their community. The leadership styles of Coach Boone are exemplified right from the start of the movie with the riots that erupt after a storeowner kills a black teenager which underscores the racial tensions that exist as a result of the desegregation of the high school. Coach Boone has the challenge of not only overcoming the racism within the team, but also the coaching staff and the community if he wishes to build a winning racially mixed football team. Behavioral theories give much focus to the study of specific behaviors of a leader and postulate that a leader behavior is the best predictor of his leadership influences hence the best determinant of his or her leadership success. Coach Boone exemplifies behavioral leadership style right from his exterior with his difficult childhood and being a seasoned civil right activist influencing his behavior and his leadership style. This is further exemplified when he becomes the head coach and seizes control then uses his authoritative power in setting the tone for both the staff and the team. Fielder’s model postulates that there is no one best style of leadership and that the effectiveness of a leader is based on the situation he or she is facing. Consequently, the model asserts that this results from two factors; leadership style and situational favorableness that is popularly known as situational control. From the outset of the film, it is evident that coach Boone is determined to do what to his mind is the right thing and even refuses to take Yoast’s since he perceives it as a situation that parallels

Reflections on the Toyota Debacle + When Theres No Such Thing as Too Article

Reflections on the Toyota Debacle + When Theres No Such Thing as Too Much Information - Article Example lity products developed, acceleration pedals that stuck on the loose floor mats and the sticky pedal materials after exposure to moisture and friction (Cusumano 34). Answer: In my opinion, Toyota was not comfortable with its success. This was because; the company kept on trying to rise far above its competitors. Another thing was the company was keen to give customers the best quality especially after the many complains. A comfortable company could have just sat and continue production without minding the many companies made. Answer: Several things have surprised me about the article. One, the author seems to be so keen on every aspect of Toyota Company as far as automobiles are concerned. Two, another surprise is on how Toyota has managed to remain in the top of the auto industry even after being the company with the most defects detected. Answer: Blockbuster Video rental chain has been a thriving company until the introduction of technology. Majority of the people now are able to access online videos, which has reduced the customers flow to the rental shops. Answer: Pillsbury is a food production company. Due to its growing global market share the business has a growing information need for both its customers and its employees. It now uses StatServer to convey customized data, analysis and educate employees on their desktops (Tibco 1).The tool has enhanced the company’s productivity by allowing employees to upgrade individual desktop data analysis tools. Apex industries deal with plastic fabrications. It employees comprise of a team of engineers, artisans, and project managers. To continue providing high quality products and services to their customers, the company uses a refined ERP system (Localdirectory 1). This has enabled them earn a high customer satisfaction and employee efficiency in

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES - Essay Example Moreover, the implementation plans become effective because they are based on priorities. The most important plans are executed first before considering the other plans based on a predetermined manner of ranking such priorities. Incorporation of short-term objectives to the functional tactics enhances the need of accomplishing implementation plans with urgency. Policies play a major role in the success of an enterprise. Their development aids in the protection of all the stakeholders of an organization through the principles they provide. Policy development leads to the development of an ethical structure followed by an organization for its success. The development of the policies also ensures an organization’s capacity as a going concern because they provide continuity for the organization over a long period (Blyth, 2009). Moreover, through the development of such relevant policies, an organization experiences effective management and accountability in its system. This occurs through the adoption of the principles and remaining committed to them as per the policies. Such principles are consistent and equitable, thus affecting the performance of an

Political action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political action - Essay Example Firstly, by joining a national citizen activist group called Americans for Responsible Solutions, the intention was to take head on the influential gun lobbyist in terms of their coverage and resources. This involved constantly getting on the phone and email to contact legislators, engaging in online discussions, blogs, as well as twitter communications. The objective was to act serenely and rationally in order to make the legislators understand that there will be electoral repercussions of not voting for meaningful gun control measures. Secondly, before the congressional votes on existing plans took place, there was massive and coordinated booking of appointments from the representatives and senators office. The intention was to let them know the feelings and emotions driving genuine gun control measures. Thirdly, protest march also formed a major aspect of demanding meaningful legislation, and with the support of citizen activist groups referred to as Washington CeaseFire, protest marches and demonstrations were organized near Capitol Hill and state legislators’ buildings to commemorate victims while demanding legislative responses so as to transform the tears into concrete action. Furthermore, television ads urging Congress to take steps without delay were prepared from state to state, and this involves contributing amount s even less than $5 per person. Signing of online petitions calling for enactment of gun laws was meant at augmenting social media campaign as it is a useful resource for dealing with anticipated counter-petition (Carroll, 20). Hence, lawmakers should be made to understand that assault weapons or any high-capability ammunition magazines, does not have any place in the streets and communities The key issue driving such approaches is that the loopholes within current gun ownership and registration laws have enabled criminals and individuals with suicidal mental health to acquire

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES - Essay Example Moreover, the implementation plans become effective because they are based on priorities. The most important plans are executed first before considering the other plans based on a predetermined manner of ranking such priorities. Incorporation of short-term objectives to the functional tactics enhances the need of accomplishing implementation plans with urgency. Policies play a major role in the success of an enterprise. Their development aids in the protection of all the stakeholders of an organization through the principles they provide. Policy development leads to the development of an ethical structure followed by an organization for its success. The development of the policies also ensures an organization’s capacity as a going concern because they provide continuity for the organization over a long period (Blyth, 2009). Moreover, through the development of such relevant policies, an organization experiences effective management and accountability in its system. This occurs through the adoption of the principles and remaining committed to them as per the policies. Such principles are consistent and equitable, thus affecting the performance of an

Prison-Building in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Prison-Building in the UK - Essay Example How a job is going to be attained is an issue that relates mainly to procurement. There are three different main routes of procurement which one could follow. The first option is perhaps the most obvious, PFI (private finance initiative) procurement, is classic and actually quite attractive. For the purposes of this project, PFI will not be used. However it is helpful to know what it is exactly. Private finance initiatives are usually used when the public sector arranges to buy services, with very empirically-based outcomes from the private sector. This is ongoing for a long time, which includes the maintenance and/or construction of the appropriate designs so that management by the private sector is maximized by the private finance being at a high risk. Next, which is not as innately apparent, is prime contracting. In this instance, a sole contractor is in the place of being the point man for a client in the public realm to produce deliverable goods-such as a completed construction project with budgetary constraints. The next and final procurement option is design and build, wherein one contractor, also indebted to a client in the public realm, has a single outcome specified. Unlike the prime contracting model, there is no pre-agreed cost data. Basically, the fact that these prisons are not being built with private finance initiative procurement is problematic. First, the fact that the money being spent would be taken from private funding would ensure that the public was not being swindled. Secondly, if something went wrong with the project, the money being spent would not be public monies. In fact, the fact that the monies that will be spent are public monies is highly problematic. How then does the prison industry make sure that it is being faithful to its intended purpose (housing prisoners). Someone, if this is public funds being used, must be kept accountable in terms of how the public's money or tax dollars are being spent. Private finance initiative pro curement monies would be safer to use because if the money is not utilized properly, the private sector could more easily sue for damages. However, since the money is the public's money, the public does not necessarily have a representative in place to represent their interests, needs, and wants with regard to how the project is coming along. In this way, there is much more potential for abuse when it comes to the public's money being spent on the prison programme. SECTION II. III. Question II In the opinion of Ramus, et. al. (2006), "After a client has selected an appropriate procurement strategy for his building project, the next stage will be a review of how best to obtain the resources that will be necessary for him to have the work carried out. In most instances, client organizations will have limited skills and resources" (pp. 68). There are four different types of contracts which could be utilized in this situation: a contract based on bills of

Issues related to developing nations Essay Example for Free

Issues related to developing nations Essay News reports suggest that economic giants from third world Asia namely China and India are expected to grow at the rate of 9. 7 and 6. 5 percent respectively. The GDP growth rate of these nations is much higher than that of any developed nation and hence are the two fastest growing economy of the world. China has now become the factory of the world with large multinational companies infusing lots of money in establishing manufacturing units and India is now one of the major destinations for back office jobs and is the leading service sector economy. As a complete entity, the globalization started showing results right from the early eighties in South East Asia. The process which has got its roots right from the beginning of 20th century with the beginning of economic cooperation between Europe and the United States later became synonymous with the word development in Far East Asian Countries including the ASEAN (The World Bank Group, 2000). But still this globalization has yet to make this world a better place to live. The concern related to the globalization process is the growth which is visible is actually more of mathematical in nature than the real cumulative growth. It might be taking place at the cost those who are less privileged (Kumar, 2007). The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects on developing nations especially ASEAN which are said to the most benefited one when one of the components of globalization, i. e. , foreign direct investment (FDI). The paper gives brief explanation of globalization and its different phases and theoretical aspects of some of its components. While presenting theoretical arguments, the main focus of the paper is an exploration of different aspects of FDI while keeping in view of its impact on the growth of economy in terms of growth in GDP. The paper looks in detail towards the contribution of FDI in the growth of developing nations and the role played by multinational firms in the fire-sale purchases. It has examined World Bank Development Indicators Website and this statistical investigation has been made to look into the above mentioned impact of FDI on GDP. The countries which have been chosen for this statistical analysis are ASEAN and various other South East Asian economies (The World Bank Group, 2000). The outcome of the paper has concentrated around the conclusion that the component of globalization which promotes ‘Direct investment’ as is termed as Foreign Direct Investment has actually brought changes in most of the developing nations but at the same time have induced many negatives like the fire-sale incidents (Loungani Razin, 2001) and excessive leverage can led to financial transactions causing reversal of FDI with money being transferred back to the foreign company (Gallaghar Zarsky, 2006). In addition to the above mentioned conclusions, the benefits of the FDI have appeared to decline with more integration of market. Thus while studying the impact of FDI on countries, the other factors like domestic regulatory and market structures and the extent up to which the market has been liberalized are equally responsible and require to be considered and are equally necessary for the success and benefits of the FDI (Gallaghar Zarsky, 2006). 2. Advantage: Developing nations Globalization and its spread across the world is very much a successful understanding of theory of competitive advantage there by making the theory of comparative advantage as the most important concepts in international trade and a major reasons behind the existence of WTO and its world wide success. The theory in the context of international trade explains the benefits of trade between two countries without any barrier even if one is more efficient at producing goods or services needed and produced by the other. (Bromley, Mackintosh, Brown and Wuyts, 2004, p. 47). On close analysis this globalization can be understood as a combination of four major trends. The four trends in a globalize world are the expansion of international trade, financial flows where FDI is a major entity, global communications which includes transportation and finally the immigration i. e. , transnational movements of people. The point of discussion and research has now moved from the causes and determinants of the globalization to its various components and interaction between them. These four trends have worked quite differently while implementing the globalization process among different nations. If we talk about FDI only, then it has been observed that the same FDI has given different result sin different nations. The South East nations gained status of being an economic powerhouse with greater export especially of electronic items and before 1990s these nations depended on foreign money inform of investment in securities with government of these nations investing a bulk of that in exportable products like automobile and electronic items (Panelver, 2002). 3. Trade Flows and Foreign Direct Investment The developing countries have shown substantial progress if the economy is looked upon with trade perspective. The last decade of 20th century shown great results with share of trade rising i. e. , the sum of import and export as percentage of GDP rising from 34. 6 percent in 1990 to 51. 6 percent in 2000. If compared with the results of developed countries where the share of trade in GDP showed marginal improvement from 32 percent to 37. 1 percent in the same period, the level of trade as well as its growth in developing nations has shown better results. The most remarkable aspect of this trade is that even the least developed countries have seen very high growth rate in the total percentage of GDP, this trade flow occupies. The percentage of trade in GDP has increased from 26. 7 percent to 41. 3 percent in the above considered period of ten years (Loungani Razin, 2001). The Foreign Direct Investment in these developing countries in the period of above mentioned ten years has also seen upward trend with this FDI occupying 3. 5 percent of total GDP in 2000 but here this is much lesser if the same is compared to that of developed nations. In developed countries the FDI was found to be around ten percent of GDP in the year 2000. The FDI normally come under two categories. (Panelver, 2002). 4. Foreign Direct Investment and development The foreign direct investment (FDI) has been reason behind which the developing nations started making rounds of economic reforms to attract foreign investment with a sole purpose of giving the economy a much needed boost for sustainable economic growth. The FDI inflows in many countries surged to higher levels with large multinationals called as multinational corporations (MNCs) bringing capital in form of superior technology oiled with ultimate management skill. The transfer of cleaner technology would also bring better environmental performance. With MNCs’ better management of inventory and technology, the developing nations would get infused with standards normally prevailed in western world (Blomstrom and Kokko, 1996). The investment had been expected to bring more employment and higher per capita income and will make ways for cleaner consumer goods. The countries observed two basic practices. First to attract more FDI and for that the policy to get more was made central character in every national development strategies. The second one is to have investment agreements which can have global, regional or bilateral scope (Malampally Karl, 1999). The reforms of 1990s caused massive inflow of FDI in developing nations and in the last decade of the century was around 4 percent of global GDP. This miniscule amount of money formed a major portion of the GDP of some of the developing nations; 26 percent of GDP in Thailand and as a whole, the share of FDI in the total GDP got raised to 3. 5 percent by the end of 2000 (Gallaghar Zarsky, 2006). These developing nations saw a chain of privatizations. Many government companies in those nations were acquired by MNCs despite wide spread criticism and resistance especially when companies being privatized were meant providing basic utilities like water. FDI based privatization also changed the way it has been utilized. Service sector got a big boost with the money coming into the nations in form of FDI and this sector accounted for almost 200 percent growth in the total FDI inflows in the period ranging from 1988 to 1999 (Gallaghar Zarsky, 2006). 5. FDI and the crisis Multi National Companies or the MNCs are often regarded as smart investors and great profiteers. These companies are expected to have a great feel of opportunities and upcoming market possibilities. Now the same companies put their money in FDI channel and invest in developing countries with a word of bringing technological and managerial efficiency. They often buy controlling stakes in domestic firms and then reenergize the whole structure of the firm to make it more profitable and competitive. But still even a layman would believe in putting money in those areas or economy where the market if not growing at some astronomical rate but at least have a sluggish but positive growth (Krugman, 1998). The crisis of late 1990s in East Asia showed a very different business approach of MNCs. The companies were found to be putting great amount of money through FDI channel in Korea and other South East Asian countries. But this time the company went into large scale buying of local firms. These local firms were found to be facing financial crisis causing great fall in the total value of the firm with equities available at throw away prices. The Foreign Institutional Investors and investors in government’s securities taking their money out of the country but the same financial crisis created an investment opportunity for MNCs. A number of companies changed hands with a number of MNCs from US and Europe buying controlling stakes in different South Asian firms. This sort of FDI investment pattern is more of crisis driven rather than opportunity driven. Even the governments were found to shell out its stake in PSUs to foreign investors to get over the ongoing financial crisis. The fall in the value of currency and big debts diminishes the market cap of the domestic firms and then they are for sale on a platter at a throw away price to foreign players. The sudden fall in the value of the assets attracts the investors to buy those sick firms with a belief that once the crisis gets over these firms under the new management will turn out to be a golden goose (Aguiar Gopinath, 2004). 6. Conclusion If we look into what every major financial organization like the IMF; the World Bank; and any of the OECD states, the most common thing is that all of them have suggested that this FDI is very much similar to a doctor’s prescription which is for the improvement of ailing industrial sectors. The transfer of cleaner technology and better management as well as socially responsible corporate policies helps in improving environmental and social conditions by enormous amount (Gallaghar Zarsky, 2006). The presence of foreign firms have given positive results in the productivity of domestic firms has been true up to some extent but that’s the case of developed nation only (Lim,2001). Though the technology transfer can be made possible through foreign players but it’s the domestic operators who are better in controlling and firm operation. The MNCs have often been found to put money in form of FDI in the state of financial crisis. The domestic firms in a state of cash crisis are made available for purchase at a price which has been much lesser than the asset of the firm. The final conclusion out of these investments by MNCs give a clear indication that its not the efficiency that gives them the edge it’s the better cash position which drives the flow of FDI. Through the simulation of domestic investment and improved technology, the over all productivity and efficiency of the industry gets a boost. So the FDI cause â€Å"crowding in† effect on investment. Even the simple assembling firm can make a very profitable growth with rising consumer demand. The higher consumer demand can make the industry with more players can make good returns through better technology and efficient managing (Gallaghar Zarsky, 2006). But the negatives associated with the globalization are also there. MNCs have been found as causing more distortion to the local traditional business structure rather than the maintaining its sanctity. Even applying the management policy of a different nation model to the workers of the new region is not going to help and will cause more harm to efficiency rather then improving it. Business and work ethics are very much dependent on local culture and traditions. Anything that will undermine the importance of these issues harms the work culture of the nation (Gallaghar Zarsky, 2006). 7. Bibliography Aguiar, M. Gopinath, G. 2004, ‘Fire-Sale FDI and Liquidity Crisis’, The Review of Economics Statistics, Vol. 87, No. 3, Pages 439-452 Bromley, S, Mackintosh, M. , Brown, W. Wuyts, M. (2004). Making the International: Economic Interdependence and political Order. Pluto Press Gallagher, K. V. , Zarsky, L. 2006, ‘Rethinking Foreign Investment for Development’, Boston University and Businesses for Social Responsibility, USA Krugman, P 1998, ‘Firesale FDI’, Working Paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kokko, Ari 1994, ‘Technology, Market Characteristics, and Spillovers’, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 43, pp. 279-293. Kokko, A. and M. Blomstrom 1995,. ’Policies to Encourage Inflows of Technology Through Foreign Multinationals’, World Development, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 459- 68. Kumar, A. 2007, ‘Does Foreign Direct Investment Help Emerging Economies? ’ Insights from the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, vol. 2, no. 1 Lim, Ewe-Ghee 2001, ‘Determinants of and the Relation between Foreign Direct Investment and Growth: A Summary of the Recent Literature’, Working Paper 01/75, IMF. Loungani, P Razin, A. 2001, ‘How beneficial is foreign direct investment for developing countries? ’ Finance development Malampally, P. Karl, P. S. 1999,. ’Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries’, Finance and Development 36 (1) OECD 2002. ‘Foreign Direct Investment for Development, Maximizing Benefits, Minimizing Costs’, Paris: OECD

Investigation of Police Brutality and problems behind it

Investigation of Police Brutality and problems behind it Law enforcement has established to be an important part in modern day society. The law enforcer more commonly known as the police officer has the primary functions to fight crime and maintain the peace in an effective and efficient manner. Over the last decades the role of the law enforcer has evolved which has provided researchers the opportunity to explore and study the nature of policing by the utilization of specific models. Most researchers have identified a trend in the increased number of cases related to police brutality which are generally blamed for the presence of highly regarded values that exist within the law enforcement culture. This culture believes that force is justified because it should be able to protect the rights of innocent civilians. In todays law enforcement culture criminals are profiled by their colour, race, age, religion, social status and their ethnicity this increases the like hood of innocent members of the public to become potential targets of the police force. International and domestic outrage was expressed over the Abner Louima case in 1997, which involved the wrongful arrest and torture of a Haitian immigrant by local police officers. The exposition of the case will utilize Deontology as the framework for understanding the ethical dilemma that is present in the Abner Louima case. This essay will also seek to analyze ethical problems that are present identifying deontology as the ethical theory to evaluate the problems. Inherent ethical problem and dilemma in the case Every modern day society has law enforcement forming an integral part of the everyday life. Researchers have identified that the nature of the policing is made up of particular models. The most discussed model is the crime fighter that sees every criminal to be the enemy (Dudley, 2001). The police officer is deemed as the protectors of the citizens by enforcing the law. An equally discussed model is the emergency operator model this model describes the police officer as the person who must respond to an emergency situation, whilst enforcing the law in the given situation, such as a drink driving offence. A less discussed model is the social peacekeeper model which investigates and resolves the root causes of criminal behavior, this model aims to provide an explanation of the law enforcement institution and how it operators with multiply expectations, roles and responsibilities. A commonly discussed model which is highlighted in most modern day movies is the social enforcer model which justifies the use of intimidation and exploitation techniques to achieve the objectives of the law enforcement institution. In the case of Abner Louima it is evident that the ethical dilemma is the portrayal of the police officers in question, the crime fighter model is by far the greatest influential model within the law enforcement institution and has created a strong cultural acceptance dictating that criminals are dealt with harshly. Hence introducing an ethical dilemma with the Abner Louima case. Deontological Ethics Deontology believes that human beings act in an ethical manner if they have the motivation and appeal from a higher source (Salzmann, 1995). This empowers the individual to feel needed and powerful within the society. Deontology provides an explanation of ethics to be based on regulations and rules that are established within society (Beauchamp, 1991). This implies that ones actions are deemed to be morally acceptable if the reason is based on social, legal and political legislation that exists within the society. Within these ethical regions obeying these legislations provides evidence that the actions of individuals are acceptable. The police brutality in the Abner Louima case highlights the threat that police brutality poses against the stability of society because it fosters a climate of hostility towards criminals and suspects. This in turn leads to the retributive justice approach to every criminal offence and offender. It is considered this retributive justice approach will inhibit the ability for the law enforcement institution to effectively fight crime. Deontology can be successfully used to identify and assess the nature of the problem. Police officers have created their own sub culture that is identified with specific values and ideals. These ideals legitimize the application of coercion and intimidation against criminal suspects. Deontology would take the view that police actions are immoral in nature because they go against established rules and regulations. They violate the civil liberties of human beings by creating distrust and suspicion towards them. Analysis The police have an institutional culture which comprises of diverse values and attitudes. This culture contains hazards that lead to an alternative code of conduct among police officers. This culture influences the operating procedures for police personnel in society. The common elements of this culture have been closely associated with belligerency, violence, and aggression (Dudley, 2001). The introduction of new police officers does not influence this sub culture and they can only flourish through proper education from senior police officers. These officers outline the code of conduct towards criminal elements which is essential to adhere in order for new officers to survive in their new environment. The individual gender, race, social status and ethnicity play a critical role in shaping police officers attitudes and notions (Bayley, 2005). The institutional culture perceives minorities as being a threat to police authority. Any acts of disrespect for police authority by minorities are responded with a harsh approach. Excessive use of force becomes legitimized in order to punish the criminals. In the case of Abner Louima, Justin Volpe was the police officer who assaulted Abner Louima and charged him with various false offenses. Abner Louima was arrested and placed into police custody and repeatedly beaten and tortured by a number of police officers. Deontology would argue that such acts are not justified. The current US legal system places a number of restrictions on police behavior. This is done in order to safeguard the interests of the individual. The institutional culture tends to perceive the due process as a mechanism that safeguards the criminals. Hence the application of force is justified against minorities who are in accordance with the stereotypes of criminals. Justin Volpe and the other police officers were justified according to the institutional culture to resort to physical and psychological abuse against the victim. Such actions according to deontology would be ethically not permitted due to several reasons. Some duties are universal according to the ethical system like the right to protect innocent people (Delattre, 2004). It focuses on the nature of actions rather than determining the implications. Hence it is essential that the police act as guardians of innocent people. They cannot apply excessive force again st suspects because it is based upon their stereotypes and perceptions. Deontology also uses the intrinsic values of specific actions in order to determine their ethical nature. In addition the Abner Louima case demonstrates the justification of deception and fraud against criminal offenders. This is because police work is deemed to be a dangerous and hazardous environment in which loyalty and dedication supersede the legal concerns and processes (Delattre, 2004). Acts of misconduct perpetrated by officers are tolerated with a strict code of loyalty. Anyone who resists such a code faces severe implications by other police officers. The police culture is often believed to have a set of core values that help to shape its identity. A large number of police officers perceive the general public with distrust and apprehension. Hence stereotypes influence police officers to initiate brutal actions against people who might not have perpetrated an offense (DeSantis, 2002). The general public is defined as dishonest. Force is an important component of police culture because it is defined in terms of defensive purposes. A perceived threat means that police officers can apply force in order to safeguard their interests (Johnson, 2004). This threat can not necessarily be a physical danger to the officer but it can involve suspicious or uncooperative behaviors and actions. Force is used because it serves to implement the law in an efficient and effective manner. In addition, it helps to restore the dignity and respect of police officers (Johnson, 2004). It is considered to be a lesson to criminal offenders and perpetrators who have broken the law. Some police officers consider themselves to be the victims because of their low pay, poor working conditions, and legal policies. These variables help to create a victim complex which can be countered only by adhering to a set of alternative rules and regulations. Some police officers believe that criminals do not deserve access t o civil liberties. Hence force is legitimized because the general public will eventually seek to support the police departments. These officers believe that law abiding citizens do not need to be victims of their actions. The Louima case demonstrates that none of the actions by the police officers were morally defensible or good. Deontology argues that certain actions are ethical because they are based upon prohibitions. Hence the brutal assault on Louima was not justified because it was based upon mere suspicion and stereotypes. However deontology does not apply a moral absolutism in its principles and approaches. The use of force against hardcore criminals like rapists, pedophiles, and drug traffickers would be necessary in certain circumstances. In addition, if force was applied for self defense then the police officer would be perfectly justified in using it. Police discretion has often been identified as a mechanism that can be abused in several ways. Their ability to make deci sions is enhanced through this process because it helps them to respond to specific situations. Hence deontology would legitimize the police brutality in the Louima case. The police officers acted using their own discretionary abilities when they targeted the offender (Johnson, 2004). The moral actions were perfectly in line with this line of reasoning. This is due to the fact that the officers were assaulted during the scuffle at the bar. Hence the natural reaction would be to act against suspected offenders to uphold the honor and dignity of the police officers. Conclusion Police brutality has been a major problem in the United States as demonstrated by the Louima case of 1997. A major ethical dilemma was the frequent misuse of police powers against criminal offenders. Often police brutality occurs because of the pervasive nature of institutional culture. The occupational hazards associated with policing legitimize the frequent application of force against suspects. These suspects can be declared criminals if they belong to specific stereotypes and profiles of the police officers. Many police officers use force as a means to uphold their dignity and esteem. They believe that disobedience to the law is tantamount to challenge to the authority of the police officers. Some police officers believe that they are victimized by excessive public interference and poor working conditions. Hence force becomes legitimized against criminals while protecting the rights of innocent people. Deontology is an ethical system that believes in the appropriate nature of rul es and regulations. Hence a higher moral imperative is used in order to justify ethical principles. Deontological ethics in the above case would argue that the actions of police officers were not justified. They went against the due process and rule of law. In addition, they were based upon suspicion and apprehension as the police officers needed to respond to public attacks. However an alternative explanation would be that the officers were under stress since they were in the middle of a fight. Hence the application of force could be justified because they were acting on their own discretion.